Essay about Ethics Case Study

Essay about Ethics Case Study Essay about Ethics Case Study Case Study 12/9/12 The last job I had was at a busy call center. We had a strict attendance policy. During the probationary period an employee was allowed to have four â€Å"occurrences† (the way it counted to human resources depended largely on the situation, but if you missed work it was an occurrence none-the-less) before an employee was terminated. One of my employees did not make it for reasons that should not have counted against her. She did miss a lot of work but each time it was for a situation that was outside of her control. She had a chronic condition that would spin out of control every once in a while. As her manager, I knew about it – though I was still bound by corporate policy. The first day she missed was because her chronic condition had flair up and she spent the day in the emergency room at a local hospital. She had the documentation to prove it and the time she spent there. I did not want the situation to count against her but, again, I was tied to corporate policy. The second one was more interesting. She missed the second time a couple of weeks later because her daughter was vomiting. This is a situation that no amount of documentation would have helped. She was a single mother and had no one to watch her son so she missed work again. Again, I had to follow corporate policy. I found out later that her daughter had drunk an individual milk carton that was spoiled. She found out herself when she attempted to drink one of the other cartons herself. She told me she called the grocery store. I visited the grocery store myself and found that they no longer carry the brand of milk my employee was talking about – because of a phone call from a customer. By this time, I was getting worried. Chances are that she would not make it through her probationary period. I liked this employee. I still like her. Her attitude at work was very ambitious. She would take on side projects to help out the team, she made everyone around her laugh and smile; she just had a fantastic attitude and work ethic. But again, even though I knew that she was telling the truth, I had to follow corporate policy. We lost her. She left work one Friday afternoon excited because she was going to finally have a girls’ night out. That night never happened for her. Instead her chronic illness flared up again and this time she spent the next five days in the hospital. Again she had documentation. She called me when she returned home. I did all I could to fight against corporate policy. I spoke with our human resources department and found out that we could re-hire her. I was excited for the possibility. Then I found out from my manager that corporate had eliminated the shift she worked. Initially this employee worked a morning shift and now the only shift we had open was a closing shift. I called her back to tell her knowing that there was no way she was going to be able to take a closing shift. She was a single mother who also had obligations to a non-profit organization two nights a week. I knew that when I hired her and I knew she would not be in a position to walk away immediately. I also knew that if she did not walk away that fast that my manager would force me to fill her position within the next few days. She called me back to tell me what I expected to hear and I have not talked to her since. This situation for me was very unsettling. She was a tremendous employee who was so ambitious that she pushed the whole team to do better without even trying. I had plans to move her into a lead position as soon as possible but that day never came. There should be exceptions to every rule and policy to reflect real life. In my opinion, this employee should have only received one occurrence and that one should have been for when her daughter was vomiting. This is a story that, even though I believe her, could have been avoided if she had checked the milk carton herself. She made a mistake and it cost her.

Facts and Figures About Sivapithecus, the Primate Also Known as Ramapithecus

Facts and Figures About Sivapithecus, the Primate Also Known as Ramapithecus Sivapithecus occupies an important place on the prehistoric primate evolutionary flow chart: This slender, five-foot-long ape marked the time when early primates descended from the comforting shelter of trees and started to explore the wide-open grasslands. The late Miocene Sivapithecus possessed chimpanzee-like feet with flexible ankles, but otherwise it resembled an orangutan, to which it may have been directly ancestral. (Its also possible that the orangutan-like features of Sivapithecus arose via the process of convergent evolution, the tendency of animals in similar ecosystems to evolve similar features). Most important, from the perspective of paleontologists, were the shape of Sivapithecus teeth. This primates large canines and heavily enameled molars point to a diet of tough tubers and stems (such as would be found on the open plains) rather than tender fruits (such as would be found in trees). Sivapithecus is intimately associated with Ramapithecus, a now-downgraded genus of central Asian primate, discovered in the country of Nepal, that was once considered to be directly ancestral to modern humans. It turns out that the analysis of the original Ramapithecus fossils was flawed and that this primate was less human-like, and more orangutan-like, than had initially been thought, not to mention disturbingly similar to the earlier-named Sivapithecus. Today, most paleontologists believe that the fossils attributed to Ramapithecus actually represent the slightly smaller females of genus Sivapithecus (sexual differentiation not being an uncommon feature of ancestral apes and hominids), and that neither genus was a direct Homo sapiens ancestor. Species of Sivapithecus/Ramapithecus There are three named species of Sivapithecus, each dating to slightly different time frames. The type species, S. indicus, discovered in India in the late 19th century, lived from about 12 million to 10 million years ago; a second species. S. sivalensis, discovered in northern India and Pakistan in the early 1930s, lived from about nine to eight million years ago; and a third species, S. parvada, discovered on the Indian subcontinent in the 1970s, was significantly bigger than the other two and helped drive home the affinities of Sivapithecus with modern orangutans. You might be wondering, how did a hominid like Sivapithecus (or Ramapithecus) wind up in Asia, of all places, given that the human branch of the mammalian evolutionary tree originated in Africa? Well, these two facts are not inconsistent: it could be that the last common ancestor of Sivapithecus and Homo sapiens did in fact live in Africa, and its descendants migrated out of the continent during the middle Cenozoic Era. This has very little bearing on a lively debate now going on about whether hominids did, indeed, arise in Africa; unfortunately, this scientific dispute has been tainted by some well-founded accusations of racism (of course we didnt come from Africa, say some experts, since Africa is such a backward continent). Name: Sivapithecus (Greek for Siva ape); pronounced SEE-vah-pith-ECK-us Habitat: Woodlands of central Asia Historical Epoch: Middle-Late Miocene (12-7 million years ago) Size and Weight: About five feet long and 50-75 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Chimpanzee-like feet; flexible wrists; large canines

My Feets Is Tired But My Soul Is Rested Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Feets Is Tired But My Soul Is Rested - Essay Example They all waited for almost 360 years and nothing changed for them, they were facing many problems like:Â  Becoming frustrated by such conditions the Negroes thought of taking a direct action because all the negotiation agreements were rejected by the Authorities. They all knew that this step would be painful but they believed that getting the freedom is never easy. So they agreed to take the big step as they all were fed up with the word Wait. They all waited for almost 360 years and nothing changed for them, they were facing many problems like:Poor were becoming poorer due to lack of opportunities. Children were not allowed go to school.Black children were not allowed to play with white kids in the same amusement park.There was no respect for black women.Public humiliation e.g. they had to sit on back of the buses and the front was for the white citizen. Always had to face the fact that A Negro is Nobody.This all was the result of unjust Law. The law constituted the differences reg arding the Whites and Blacks. According to law there were many acts which if performed by whites were legal, but illegal if done by blacks. Getting angry of all these differences the Negro finally decided to take an action. They decided to boycott the bus travels after a woman named Rosa Parks was arrested because she refused to leave her seat for a white person; according to the law, the front of the bus was for white people only and the back was for the blacks and if the bus is full and a white person gets in, the black had to stand for him.

Search Engine Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Search Engine Advertising - Essay Example Written language is a powerful tool for expressing ideas and feelings when used correctly and to the right audience. The ambiguity of spoken word is one of the reasons behind the development of text theory. The main aim of text theory is to engrave systems of unambiguous rules which put across the association between connotation and text in various languages. Text theory, therefore, seeks to ensure that written word is free of ambiguity and well understood by the audience. Online advertising relies majorly on the written word. It is therefore important to ensure that these advertisements are rational especially to the persons who will be privileged to read them. Companies should, therefore, take the keen interest in the text that conveys advertisement message on the internet (Hollis 2005). Question two Affiliate programs refer to planning between an online merchant website and associated web sites that enable the later to accept traffic from the merchant web sites for a fee. Links are normally posted by the associated websites and payments are made depending on agreed terms and conditions. In most cases, the contract is based on factors such as the number of persons the associate web site transfers to the merchant site. Other agreements may involve payments depending on the number of persons that pay a visit to the web page that has the merchant website advertisement poster. This is fundamental especially for upcoming companies that want to grow the business at a faster rate.... This is fundamental especially for upcoming companies that want to grow business at a faster rate. Written language is a powerful tool for expressing ideas and feelings when used correctly and to the right audience. Ambiguity of spoken word is one of the reasons behind the development of text theory. The main aim of text theory is to engrave systems of unambiguous rules which put across the association between connotation and text in various languages. Text theory therefore seeks to ensure that written word is free of ambiguity and well understood by the audience. Online advertising relies majorly on the written word. It is therefore important to ensure that these advertisements are rational especially to the persons who will be privileged to read them. Companies should therefore take keen interest on the text that conveys advertisement message on the internet (Hollis 2005). Question two Affiliate programs refers to planning between an online merchant website and associate web sites that enables the later to accept traffic from the merchant web sites for a fee. Links are normally posted by the associate websites and payments are made depending on agreed terms and conditions. In most cases the contract is based on factors such as the number of persons the associate web site transfers to the merchant site. Other agreements may involve payments depending on the number of persons that pay a visit to the web page that has the merchant website advertisement poster. Ideally, when a hyperlink on an associate website earns the merchant site finance or popularity, it is the duty of the merchant site to make payments to the associate site as pertains to the contract (Evans 2009). Three parties are in most cases involved in an

Confederation and Constitution Essay Example for Free

Confederation and Constitution Essay The Articles of Confederation, formally known as the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, refers to an agreement between the thirteen founding states that first formed the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states. The Articles of Confederation had served as the first U.S. constitution (Merrill, 1959). The states under the confederation were Virginia, South Carolina, New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Georgia, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Delaware and Maryland. In 1787, a constitutional convention was called to revise the Articles of Confederation as they contained so many flaws, which would have fatally affected the confederation (Wendel, 1981). However, the convention ended up abandoning the Articles and drafted a new constitution which had a much stronger national government. After so much tussle and debating, eleven of the thirteen states ratified the constitution which led to the formation of a new form of government for the United States of America (Kermit, 1987). The following are similarities and differences of the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. Consenting of power According to the Articles of Confederation, the legislature of each state had no specific means of choosing voters. The delegates of each state were to sign the Articles, but only do as directed by their legislature (Young, 1977). Their legislature did not provide for them to vote in such agreements thus, they only wait until instructed so. This shows that the Articles of Confederation did not provide how it could be ratified, but indirectly implied it the duty of the legislatures of the various states. This meant that the people had no direct influence over the form of national government being put in place because their representatives were not specifically elected for that purpose.The Constitution provided for conventions in the states whereby delegates are chosen by people for the purpose of considering ratification. Therefore, the Constitution had specifically addressed its ratification in Article VII (Maier, 2010). The provision that ratification by nine states were to effect it meant by passing the state legislature and going to the people for governing consent. In summary, in the Articles of Confederation, consent of power was from the state while in the constitution the power to govern came from the people to the government. Type of National Government Under the Articles of Confederation, the government was more of a constitutional confederacy, whereas the Constitution provided constitutional federal republic (Merrill, 1959). Under both, the government was a constitutional government because it was codified in writing. The government structure between the two, however, differed. An association of States under a common government formed the confederacy. Each member state retained its sovereignty leaving the national government with very little authority over the individual state (Young, 1977). The National government powers tilted towards foreign relations for the benefit of all the states. This meant that the National Government could not coerce individual states to do anything. The constitution provided for a federalism structure (Kermit, 1987). This ensured a more equated power sharing between the National government and the state government. The National government, therefore, had sufficient sovereignty to execute its mandate while ensuring the same for the state government. Representation in the National Government In the Articles of Confederation, indirect popular representation was in effect as the representatives were appointed by an elected state legislature (Wendel, 1981). On the other hand, the Constitution effected direct popular representation for both the states and the citizens. The people, through popular vote, formed the House of Representatives while the states ,through elected legislature, appointed the Senate (Kermit, 1987). The representation according to the constitution was in accordance with the structure of Federalism. Division of Powers in the National Government Articles of Confederation provided one legislative body (unicameral) with all powers of national government which was the Congress Assembly. All decisions and relations were derived from the Congress (Wendel, 1981). Matters of law, settling disputes, foreign relations, including all the others issued from Congress (Merrill, 1959). However, Congress did not have the ability to implement laws, and had limited ability to judge on law or disputes because a dedicated judiciary was not in place. The Congress, however, appointed courts to preside on piracy and High Seas crimes, resolve disputes between States and individuals from different States. The Constitution, however, provided for division of power of the National government into three distinct branches, each with specified duties. The Legislature composed of the Senate and House of Representatives is mandated with making laws (Maier, 2010). The executive was to enforce laws with the President while the Judiciary and inferior courts is to judge using the law. A mechanism was also provided to each of the three branches to view the power on other two and encroachments into other branches powers. Powers of Congress The Articles of Confederation provided specifically enumerated powers to the congress which included regulating foreign commerce. Congress could not, however, regulate interstate commerce (Wendel, 1981). The Constitution powers carried over from the Articles of Confederation included the power to regulate foreign and interstate commerce amongst others. Some of the powers remained the same although others differed. Among the powers included in the Constitution but absent in the Articles of Confederation are taxing, regulating interstate and foreign commerce, making of uniform laws on bankruptcy, raising and supporting an Army and Navy and establishment of inferior courts (Kermit, 1987). Congress Assembly lacked all these powers under the Articles of confederation. Revenue Raising The Articles of Confederation provided that National Government should request for funds from the individual states (Wendel, 1981). The Constitution, however, gave the National Government power to tax. A major shortcoming of the Articles of Confederation was a failure of providing for the National Government to raise its own revenues (Young, 1977). Congress assembly requested funds from states for National treasury. This resulted in the states failing to comply as requested. This made the United States lag on paying its debts and meeting its obligations. Under the Constitution, Congress could raise revenue for costs and operations of the National Government, namely, common defense and general welfare of the United States (Maier, 2010). However, some restrictions were imposed regarding revenue raising of the National Government. The provision of raising revenue for National government ensured it did not rely on other entities namely, the states to execute its duties. Enforcement of Federal Laws The Articles of Confederation did not provide for the National government to enforce its laws thus it had to rely on States for this function (Wendel, 1981). Laws, treaties, acts or agreements passed by Congress Assembly were up to states solely to enforce (Merrill, 1959). This resulted in them only enforcing what favored and suited to them. The Constitution on its part, gave the executive branch through the President power to enforce laws (Maier, 2010). This provision enabled speedy execution of laws and execution of the government requirements. Analysis of Drafting the Constitution On May 25, 1787, fifty five delegates of the United States convened in Philadelphia with intent of creating a new and better government. Initially, Virginians Edmund Randolph and James Madison presented a constitutional proposal called the Virginia Plan. The proposal provided for a bicameral (two chambers) legislature (Kermit, 1987). The lower house was to be chosen by the citizens, and the upper house was chosen by the lower house. In addition, a national executive and judiciary were to be selected by the legislature. The plan aimed at creating a strong central government. The debate began with the delegates of the large states supporting the Plan while those from smaller states opposed it. The smaller states felt that the larger states would dominate national legislature for the number of legislative representatives was to be determined by population. Some delegates also had fear that a firm central government would overpower the states restricting their individual liberties. Weeks of debating saw another proposal from William Patterson of New Jersey (Maier, 2010). This was referred to as the New Jersey Plan. This plan modified the Articles of Confederation and proposed a unicameral legislature having equal representation regardless of states’ population, a two-person executive branch and a single body of the judiciary. Smaller states delegates and proponents of weak government were for the New Jersey Plan while bigger states delegates opposed it. The ensuing stalemate was broken by Roger Sherman of Connecticut through the Connecticut Plan. The plan incorporated both previous proposals. Its proposal of a bicameral legislature with a population-based lower chamber and an independent upper chamber with equal representation satisfied both the small state and large state delegates. Other compromises included legalization of the slave trade until 1808 and returning of escaped slaves to their owners. Slavery was assumed to come to an end by itself. During census, slaves were to be enumerated as three-fifths of a person (Kermit, 1987). This resolved the debate on counting slaves between northerners who were against it and southerners who were for equal counting of slaves. Many delegates opposed people electing the president while others supported the election of the executive by the citizens. An Electoral College was formed which called for a body of electors selected by each state’s legislature to vote for a president. The Debate over Ratification between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists Ratification of the constitution also resulted in a major division between federalists and anti-federalists. The Anti-Federalists such as James Hancock feared that the National Government, the Executive branch and Congress held too much power. They also argued that the national government could maintain the army during times of peace (Maier, 2010). Contrary to the Anti-Federalists, the Federalists led by James Madison argued that power separation into three independent branches protected people’s rights as each of the branches represented a different aspect of the people (Hamilton, Madison Jay, 1982). Because of the equality of the branches, none of the groups could control another. They also argued that listing the rights exposed the people as it would likely result in the government violating those not listed. The final compromise for ratification saw the federalists promise drafting of the bill of rights once Congress met. References Hamilton, A. Madison, J. Jay, J. (1982). The Federalist Papers. New York: Bantam Classics. Kermit, H., (1987). The Formation and ratification of the Constitution: Major historical interpretations. New York: Garland Pub. Maier, P. (2010). Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-1788. New York: Simon Schuster. Merrill, J. (1959). The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–178, p. 178–179 Wendel, T. (1981). The Articles of Confederation. National Review. Vol. 33(13) p. 768- 770. Young, R. L. (1977). The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. American Bar Association Journal. Vol. 63(11), p. 1572.

Autobiographical Elements of Essays of Elia -- Charles Lamb

The most charming beauty of romantic literature is the trait of its being intensely autobiographical and subjective. Similarly, "Essays of Elia" unfold the life history and idiosyncratic mind of Charles Lamb in a semi-factual way. The real delight for the Romantic comes from his infusion of fact and fiction as, otherwise, his essays would have become mere boring and passionless statements about his personal and private life. Our charm and fascination do not grow less, for we are never too close to the reality or surrounded by totally imaginary details and accounts. Under the thin layer of mystified names and references, Lamb lays bare his entire existence. In fact, it is not possible for readers to trace out a true history of Charles Lamb through his essays. He mystifies the details of his personal life by giving us false names and false kinship. Even the pseudonym of "Elia" is sufficient to blur our judgment. Without additional help in form of footnotes and comments, we cannot safely connect details given in the essays with Lamb's life. Sometimes, he may make a confessi...

Capital Budgeting Decision Process

Capital Budgeting Decision Process 1. Introduction The maximization of shareholder wealth can be achieved through dividend policy and increasing share price of the mark value. In order to derive more profits, our company shall invest potential investments which always cover a number of years. Those investments involve substantial initial outlay at the outset and the process. The management is responsible to participate in the process of planning, analyzing, evaluating, selecting and making decisions to allocate the limited resource to those investments. This is called capital budgeting decision process.Budgeting acts as an important managerial tool in practice. It is budget for the major capital investment such as purchase of land and building, plant and machine, investing new product or market. In modern competing environment, the company shall go ahead to make those investments in order to survive and profitability. A good evidence is Apple which globally introduced iPhone and acte d as a leading market position. Denzil & Antony (2007) stated that â€Å"Those decisions shall take account of the amount, timing and associated risk of expected company cash flow†.Therefore, Capital budgeting decision process is within the prospective of financial management. 2. The Aims of Financial Management Finance management generally embraces financial decision, investment decision and dividend decision. Its aims can be varied from different company, the main aims are expanding a new market, budgeting control, maximizing profit and maximizing shareholder wealth. Keown, et all stated that â€Å"The fundamental goal of a business is o create value for the company’s owners (this is, its shareholders)†.However, the management may focus on profit maximization that will benefit him because he is the agent on behalf of the shareholder resulting in devoicing ownership and management from the company. It leads to conflict with the shareholder’s interest and may detriment the shareholder’s wealth. In order to balance those conflicts, the management shall efficiently allocate limited resource and must consider its investment strategies with its financing policies at the best interest of the shareholder. The present value of future cash flows is a better measure of the wealth of shareholder value.Cash inflows are derived from financing activities such as debt and/or equity. If those funds are used for investment decision, it implies that there will be less contribution to shareholders as a mean of dividends. Efficient and effective allocations of the funds are principle responsibility of the management. This can be achieved through making an optimal capital budgeting decision process so as to create value for shareholders. 3. Academic literature on models of the investment process The company may face many potential investments in which it has to make choices to invest.It is necessary to evaluate potential investments in order to make better decisions. Every new investment is subject to risk and uncertainty. It always takes a long period of time to report future benefit. It will severely affect the cash flow of the company. The company therefore must manage the cash flow efficiently and effectively. Some techniques are introduced to decide whether to invest potential investment. John Graham & Harvey (2000) conducted a survey of 392 CFOs found that CFOs always use Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR), percentage respectively is 74. and 75. 7; Payback period (PB) is also popular 56. 7 percent while Profitability Index (PI) seldom use only 11. 9 percent . Alkaraan & Northcott (2006) also obtained a similar result from survey that UK manufacturing companies applied appraisal techniques. Accounting rate of return (ARR) and PB are commonly used techniques. It is important to be aware of their merits and drawbacks. ARR is an accounting ratio which is also known as Return on investment. It is ac cepted for potential investment (usually less than one year assessment) if ARR is more than or equal to hurdle rate.It is easy to understand and calculate, but it ignores cash. PB measures the number of years required so that the estimated returns can cover the initial outlay. It is also easy and simple to use, but it takes no account of cash flow after payback period. Both methods take no consideration of time value of money. To overcome those problems resulted from ARR and PB so as to make optimal decisions, the project appraisal process needs to consider the time value of money. Expected future cash flow of potential investments shall be discounted and added together to derive a lump sum of the present value sing a given discount rate. Three types of discounted cash flow are NPV, IRR and PI. NPV is the difference between sum of present value and initial outlay for the proposed investment. A positive NPV indicates that the proposed investment is accepted and vice versa. NPV takes account of the time value of money and all relevant cash flows over the life of the project. However, it is difficult to understand and rely on to provide an available appropriate discount rate. IRR is the discount rate at which NPV is zero. If IRR is greater than the cost of capital, then the potential investment is recommendable.IRR is easy to understand and it excludes the drawbacks of ARR and PB that both ignore the time value of money. However, IRR often gives an unrealistic rate of return unless the calculated IRR is a reasonable rate for reinvestment of future cash flows. PI is the sum of the NPV and the original investment divided by the initial outlay. PI is useful under capital rationing since it demonstrates that the best return can be achieved from the available funds. NPV and IRR are commonly used to measure potential investment today.Michael (2004) suggested that â€Å"Theory would suggest that the DCF methods are superior to the traditional techniques and that NPV is superior to IRR†. Therefore, potential investments can be best chosen to add value to the company. 4. A best practice design for the decision process Dayanada, Don. (2002) showed that â€Å"capital budgeting is a multi-faceted activity†. A best design for the decision process shall include seven stages. Arnold, G. (2008) specified that â€Å"There is a great deal more to successful investment programme than simply project appraisal†.Firstly, the company must has clear objectives and identify profitable investments project to sustain long term development of the company. Baker, H. Kent, et al. (2011) also suggested that the first stage is identification. The company has a motivation to achieve those objectives. The management translates them to specific directions and policies by using strategic planning after the company establishes objectives. Secondly, the company can develop and classify potential investments according to strategic planning. Thirdly, there ar e many potential investments in any company.It needs to be screened at this stage because potential investments are without being examined in depth in the previous stages. It can eliminate unsound and less profitable investments before the next step to evaluate the potential investments. Fourthly, it is the project appraisal stage that evaluates whether those potential investments contribute additional value to the company or not. Fifthly, it requires to present various reports and sets up a level of authorization for proposed projects. Sixthly, it conducts on the implementing stage to control capital expenditure, when to implement and who to be responsible.Finally, it is the monitoring and evaluating stage that is called the post-completion audit. It compares between the actual cash flows and other forecasted cost and benefit to improve the proposed investment or inducement for further investment. 5. Key stage of the decision process The key stage is project appraisal at the fourth stage from the above decision process. Dayanada, Don. (2002) pointed out that â€Å"project analysis is critically important for the firm†. Potential investments will be considered the initial outlay and expected future cash flow associated with risk and uncertainty.At this stage, it involves the application of many techniques, such as forecast, risk analysis, time value of money, discount rate and inflation, etc. Facing many problems of potential investments, the management should be familiar with those techniques. What is the relevant cash flow for the potential investment? Karanovic, et al (2010) pointed out that â€Å"In capital budgeting process one of most important things is discount rate determination†. It will affect the decision-making using different discount rate. Shall the company choose the highest NPV or the highest IRR when the mutually exclusive potential investments?James & John (2008) stated that â€Å"different investment projects often have diffe rent degrees of risk†. If the proposed investment is more risky, the higher return is required. However, is higher return reasonable? If undertaking it, what will happen? Clive Emmanuel, et al (2010) stated that â€Å"Once taken, capital investments are largely irreversible and significant financial sums are at risk†. Hence, it may require using different appraisal techniques for the same investment, for example, using PB and/or PI technique to assist the analysis of NPV.When making decision to select potential investment, the management shall consider how to allocate the available funds to those investments efficiently at the same time. Therefore, the fund is a key issue to determine how many potential investments are undertaken. The management must concern about the liquidity of the company immediately after accepting potential investments. Improper acceptance or rejection of any proposed investment may significantly affect the long-term success of the company. 6. Con clusionThe capital budgeting decision process is one of the investment decisions which form the fundamental part of financial management. Inappropriate investment decisions can endanger the survival of the company and cause difficulties in obtaining additional financing from stakeholders. To make optimal capital budgeting decision process, investment proposals shall be analyzed under risk, uncertainty and inflation. After making decisions, the company shall separately consider how the funds generate in the best way. A sound capital budgeting decision process is beneficial to achieve the aims of financial management.The efficiency of financial management is a good-measurement to achieve the objective of the company. 7. Recommendations Since our company has a clear objective to maximize the shareholder wealth, it can be achieved through making potential investments to invest. Identifying potential investments is crucial to the prospect of the company. It requires expertise and managem ent to execute the capital budgeting decision process. An independent capital budgeting committee shall be assigned to monitor the capital budgeting decision process.Since capital budgeting decision process is more dynamic, after implementing it, Cotter, et al (2003) suggested that â€Å"real options should be included in a capital budgeting analysis†. A good capital development system and management information system will be well on the way to achieve the objective of financial management successfully. Reference List Alkaraan, F. , & Northcott, D. (2006). Strategic capital investment decision-making: A role for emergent analysis tools? : A study of practice in large UK manufacturing companies. The British Accounting Review, 38(2), 149-173.Available through: ABI/INFORM Complete database [Accessed 31 March 2012]. Arnold, G. (2008). Corporate Financial Management. 4th edition. FT/Prentice Hall. Baker, H. Kent, et al. (2011). Capital budgeting valuation : financial analysis for today's investment projects. Hoboken, N. J. : John Wiley & Sons. Clive Emmanuel, Elaine Harris, Samuel Komakech. (2010). Towards a better understanding of capital investment decisions. Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, Vol. 6 Iss: 4 pp. 477 – 504. Available through: EMERALD database [Accessed 31 March 2012]. Cotter, J. F. , Marcum, B. & Martin, D. R. (2003). A cure for outdated capital budgeting techniques. The Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance, 14(3), 71-80. Available through: ABI/INFORM Complete database [Accessed 25 March 2012]. Denzil Watson and Antony Head. (2007). Corporate Finance Principles & Practice. 4th edition. FT/Prentice Hall. Don Dayanada, et al. (2002), Capital budgeting : financial appraisal of investment projects. Cambridge University Press. Graham, John Robert, & Harvey, C. R. (2000). The theory and practice of corporate finance: Evidence from the field. Rochester, Rochester: doi:10. 139/ssrn. 220251. Available through: ABI/INFORM Comp lete database [Accessed 20 March 2012] James C. Van Horne & John M. Wachowicz, Jr. (2008). Fundamentals of Financial Management. 13th edition. FT/Prentice Hall. Karanovic, G. , Baresa, S. , & Bogdan, S. (2010). Techniques for managing projects risk in capital budgeting process. UTMS Journal of Economics, 1(2), 55-66. Available through: ABI/INFORM Complete database [Accessed 22 March 2012] Keown, John D. , Martin, J. , William Petty. (2011). Foundations of Finance : the logic and practice of financial management. 7th edition. Prentice Hall.

Mother Sauvage

Being a wife and a mother is a significant role of a woman that cannot be paid by anyone. It was a purpose and a journey that needs entire love, patience, and kindness. These women make sure that their family will not get hurt and will be able to be loved and nurtured by them. However, there are certain situations that will test their limitations and patience. Most of the women say, â€Å"You can hurt me many times, but not any of my family.† Therefore, no matter how soft and loving heart a mother has, she will remain tough and strong for her family especially when it came to the point of hurting them. The story is about the life of being a mother despite of all the pains and how she gave justice to family that was killed by the people who went to her house and lived like her sons. It was very hard for Mother Sauvage to compose herself so that the Prussians would not think that she was the mother of the man they killed. Mother Sauvage thought that the death of her husband made her numb but when she knew that her son was killed, the same old feeling of loneliness, pain, and sorrow went through her nerves again – flowing like running water in the river. Mother Sauvage learned to love the four Prussians who went to her house and stayed but when she knew that they were the one who killed her son, she doesn’t know what to so but to accept them to her house and not to show her real feelings of sadness and anger. Regardless of all her fears and envy towards her boarders because of what they have done to her son, she remained calm and aware of her plans for the justice of her son and husband’s death. Mother Sauvage was not an ordinary mother. This story was not just a story of motherhood but also a story of womanhood. Even if mother Sauvage was very numb with her husband and son’s death, she continued to make herself relieved and think of the family of those four Prussians died in her house. It was a tragic but a realistic story because I can say that it can happen to any mother who experienced this kind of pain and maybe, not only this kind of things will happen to the killers, but more brutal than that especially when they were in your house. Seeing and serving the people who killed your family will bring you a catastrophic feeling that will lead to brutal killings just to give justice to you and your son and husband. According to Tannenhauser, the work of mothers does not offer â€Å"promotions, raises or any other tangible and ego-gratifying perks available in other professions† (Tannenhauser, 1996, p. 119) This magnificent responsibility of mothers cannot be compared to any other professions because it is a lifetime profession that cannot be quitted by mothers when they were tired. Mother Sauvage was like that. Even if her son left him and joined the military, she remained hopeful that one day, her son will go back into her arms like a child who used to run to his mother when he is tired. However, though it did not happen, she made her own decision of making her son and husband at peace in their death by obliging herself to make their own justice even if it will put her into death. A mother will always a mother and a wife will always be a wife unless you take away her son and husband away from her. Being a wife and a mother is played by women who choose to love and nurture their family instead of nurturing their selves. This major responsibility will put women to the top of the mountain and live as a queen when they perform their tasks as best as they could. This is when the members of their family are respectful, loving, and generous people. Works Cited De Maupassant, Guy. The Complete Short Stories of Guy de Maupassant. New York: Collier,   Ã‚   1903 Tannenhauser, Carol. Motherhood stress. In K. S. Bahr, A. Hawkins, & S. Klein (Eds.),   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Readin

How Drafting Can Improve Your Academic Writing

How Drafting Can Improve Your Academic Writing How the Drafting Process Can Improve Your Academic Writing Writing a good paper is not simply about sitting down, starting at the beginning and typing until you reach the end. Rather, it’s a process of drafting and re-drafting until you’re happy with your paper, each time trying to improve upon the last draft. How long you spend redrafting will depend on what you’re working on – a lengthy PhD dissertation will require more attention than a shorter paper. Nevertheless, whatever you’re writing, using a step-by-step drafting process will benefit your work. Step 1: The First Draft The first draft is an initial attempt to turn your notes and paper outline into full paragraphs. This, therefore, is where you set out the basic argument and structure of your paper, though you can make changes to these in subsequent drafts if necessary. The most important thing to do during the first draft is get something written, even if it isn’t perfect (that’s why we re-draft). Once you have something down, you can re-read it to see what could be improved, or even ask your advisor and friends for feedback. Step 2: The Second Draft It’s very rare for the first draft to be perfect. As such, you need to re-read it to get a sense of what could be improved. This may be as simple as looking for factual, spelling and grammatical mistakes. But it may also involve clarifying aspects of your argument or revising your ideas. There are a few tips which can help with re-drafting your work at this stage: Try to be concise as possible, eliminating all unnecessary repetition Make sure your argument flows smoothly, with each point leading clearly to the next Check that each of your points contributes something to your overall hypothesis Keep an eye out for formatting inconsistencies, as well as errors It’s also a good idea to save each draft of your paper as a separate file. This allows you to check older versions once changes have been made. Step 3: The Third Draft (And Beyond) Here, we again go over our paper and try to find things we can improve. With each draft you should find less and less that needs doing. Eventually, after a few passes, you’ll be ready for the final step. Step 4: The Final Draft The final draft is the version of your paper you’ll submit to be marked. You’ll therefore need to proofread your paper carefully, checking for any remaining errors. It can help to print out your work and read it on paper, as you might spot things you missed when reading it on screen.

Ives Surname Meaning and Family History

Ives Surname Meaning and Family History The surname Ives  is believed to have originated from the Old French personal name Ive (similar to the modern French Yves) or the Norman personal name Ivo, both short forms of various Germanic compound names containing the element iv, from the Old Norse yr, meaning yew, bow, a weapon generally made from the wood of a yew tree. Ives may also have originated as a last name for someone from a town named St. Ives, in the county of Huntingdon, England. Surname Origin: English, French Alternate Surname Spellings: YVES, IVESS Where in the World is the IVES  Surname Found? The Ives  surname is now most prevalent in the United States, according to surname distribution data from Forebears. However, it is interestingly the most common surname, based on its percentage of the population, in Gibraltar, followed by England and various island nations such as Bermuda. Despite its possible French origins, the Ives spelling is not at all common in France where only 182 people bear the surname. The Ives  surname around the turn of the 20th century was most common in the United Kingdom, according to WorldNames PublicProfiler, specifically the South East and East Anglia regions of England. Within North America, Ives is most common in Ontario, Canada, followed by Nova Scotia and the U.S. states of Vermont and Connecticut. Famous People with the Last Name IVES Charles Ives -  Pulitzer Prize-winning composer  and pianistBurl Ives - American film actor and singer, best known for  hits â€Å"Frosty the Snowman† and â€Å"The Blue Tail Fly.†Chauncey Bradley Ives - American sculptor in ItalyGeorge Frederick Ives - last surviving veteran of the Boer WarFrederic Eugene Ives - American inventor and  pioneer in the field of color photography. Genealogy Resources for the Surname IVES Ives Family History BlogThis genealogy blog by William Ives  covers the story of William Ives, co-founder of New Haven CT, and many of his descendants, as well as those who married into the family DNA Signature of William Ives (1607–1648)This published DNA signature is the  result of the Y chromosome testing of 4 male known direct descendants, none of whom are closely related, of William.   Common French Surnames and their MeaningsUncover the meaning of your French last name with this free guide to  French surname  meanings and origins. Trace Your Family Tree in England and WalesLearn how to research your English Ives ancestors with this introductory guide to genealogical records and resources of England and the rest of the United Kingdom. Ives  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as an Ives  family crest or coat of arms for the Ives surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. FamilySearch - IVES GenealogyExplore over 700,000 historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Ives  surname and its variations on the free FamilySearch website, hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Ives Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the popular last name Ives from the website of Genealogy Today. Sources Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

ILLUSTRATION ESSAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ILLUSTRATION - Essay Example Changing light bulbs is just one thing a person can do to reduce their carbon footprint, along with recycling, driving less, and buying local. There is no doubt the new â€Å"green† light bulbs have a lot of advantages in the battle against global warming. CFLs use about 75 percent less energy and last up to 10 times longer. If all the regular light bulbs in the United States were replaced with CFLs, 158 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions, or the same carbon load as 30 million cars, would be saved (McKeown and Swire, 2009). If that were so, a quick trip in my car to the corner store for a can of soda wouldn’t have such a big impact on my carbon footprint. Compact fluorescent lights are more energy efficient because they turn more of the electricity into light rather than radiating the energy away as heat. Because of this quality, some people see the light as harsh. CFLs are coated with phosphor, which keeps certain wavelengths of light from showing up to the human eye (Fischetti 2008). I don’t think the light is harsh so much, just that it is brighter. That makes CFL bulbs an advantage, in my eyes. I can always adjust the lampshade so the light doesn’t shine directly in my eyes, and many homes and businesses have dimmer switches installed instead of regular on/off switches. Using a dimmer switch further reduces the amount of electricity needed to keep the lights on. The technology that makes CFL bulbs efficient also makes them cost more money than regular light bulbs, but manufacturers are working on lowering costs so more consumers will accept the change from regular bulbs to CFLs. Over time, the initial higher cost ba lances out in energy savings and how long the bulbs last before burning out. Governments all over the world have stepped up the push toward using more energy efficient CFL light bulbs (McKeown and Swire 2009; Fischetti 2008). As far back as 1996, more than 80 percent of Japanese households were using CFLs. Australia has already